The "velocity barrier" in giant slalom skiing: An experimental proof of concept

Abstract

Background: Alpine skiing involves the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy, with the "velocity barrier" (VB) at each moment corresponding to the maximal velocity at which the athlete can ski while staying within the boundaries of the gates and maintaining control. Nevertheless, this concept has never been proven by evidence. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the existence of the VB and clarify its relationship with skier's force production/application capacities.

Methods: Fourteen skiers were equipped with ski-mounted force plates and a positional device and ran a 2-turn Giant Slalom section starting from eight different heights on the slope. Three conditions were selected for further analysis: minimal entrance velocity (v_min ); entrance velocity allowing the better section time (VB); maximal entrance velocity (v_max ). Entrance velocity, section time, mean force output, ratio of force application effectiveness, velocity normalized energy dissipation, and path length were compared between the three conditions. Moreover, skier's mechanical energy and velocity curves were compared all along the section between the three conditions using SPM analysis.

Results: The section time was reduced in VB compared to v_min (p < 0.001) and v_max (p = 0.002). Skiers presented an incapacity to increase force output beyond the VB (p = 0.441) associated with a lower force application effectiveness (p = 0.005). Maximal entrance velocity was associated to higher energy dissipation (p < 0.001) and path length (p = 0.005).

Conclusion: The present study experimentally supports the existence of the VB. The force production/application capacities seem to limit the skiing effectiveness beyond the VB, associated to increased energy dissipations and path length.

Keywords: SPM analysis; biomechanics; energy dissipation; force production; performance; speed; technical ability; trajectory.