The combined effects of compact TiO2 (c-TiO2 ) electron-transport layer (ETL) are investigated without and with mesoscopic TiO2 (m-TiO2 ) on top, and without and with an iodine-terminated silane self-assembled monolayer (SAM), on the mechanical behavior, opto-electronic properties, photovoltaic (PV) performance, and operational-stability of solar cells based on metal-halide perovskites (MHPs). The interfacial toughness increases almost threefold in going from c-TiO2 without SAM to m-TiO2 with SAM. This is attributed to the synergistic effect of the m-TiO2 /MHP nanocomposite at the interface and the enhanced adhesion afforded by the iodine-terminated silane SAM. The combination of m-TiO2 and SAM also offers a significant beneficial effect on the photocarriers extraction at the ETL/MHP interface, resulting in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 24% and 20% for 0.1 and 1 cm2 active areas, respectively. These PSCs also have exceptionally long operational-stability lives: extrapolated T80 (duration at 80% initial PCE retained) is ≈18 000 and 10 000 h for 0.1 and 1 cm2 active areas, respectively. Postmortem characterization and analyses of the operational-stability-tested PSCs are performed to elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the long operational-stability.
Keywords: interfaces; mechanical reliability; mesoscopic; perovskites; self-assembled monolayers; solar cells; stabilities.
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