Introduction: Lateral ankle sprains are the most common type of injury to the ankle and can lead to ankle instability. There are many described techniques for the surgical treatment of lateral ankle instability. The purpose of this study is to quantify the variation in surgeon technique for lateral ankle instability treatment.
Methods: Surveys were sent to 62 orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons regarding surgical technique for the treatment of lateral ankle instability. Clinical agreement was defined as greater than 80% agreement to assess the cohesiveness of surgical methods as described by Marx et al. Results. Response rate was 49/62 (79%). There was clinical agreement for not using bone tunnels and not using metal anchors. All other factors lacked clinical agreement. A greater average number of throws and knots (4.2 for each, range 1-6 throws, range 2-12 knots) were used by surgeons that do not believe knots cause pain compared to an average of 3.9 (range, 1-6) throws and 4.0 (range, 2-15) knots by surgeons who do believe knots cause pain. The association that surgeon who believed knots do cause pain and thus used fewer knots and throws was not statistically significant (P > .05). The preferred material by surgeons in our study are as follows: nonabsorbable braided suture (26/49, 53%), suture tape (15/49, 31%), and fiber tape (4/49, 8%). Among surgeons who use absorbable suture (34/49, 69%), there was no significant difference (P > .05) between surgeons who believe knots cause pain (23/34, 68%) and those who do not (11/34, 32%).
Discussion and conclusion: Among this small sample of orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons, there is wide variation in surgical technique for lateral ankle instability treatment and little agreement on the clinical standard of care. This disagreement highlights the need for comparative outcome studies in the treatment of ankle instability.
Level of evidence: Level III: Retrospective cohort study.
Keywords: Broström; knots; lateral ankle instability; long-term ankle instability; pain; variability.