Activation of multiple stress responses in Staphylococcus aureus substantially lowers the minimal inhibitory concentration when combining two novel antibiotic drug candidates

Amanda Holstad Singleton; Olaug Elisabeth Torheim Bergum; Caroline Krogh Søgaard; Lisa Marie Røst; Cecilie Elisabeth Olsen; Fredrik Heen Blindheim; Synnøve Brandt Ræder; Frithjof A Bjørnstad; Eirik Sundby; Bård Helge Hoff; Per Bruheim; Marit Otterlei

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260120

Activation of multiple stress responses in Staphylococcus aureus substantially lowers the minimal inhibitory concentration when combining two novel antibiotic drug candidates

Front Microbiol. 2023 Sep 25:14:1260120. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260120. eCollection 2023.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
² Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
³ Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
⁴ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.

Abstract

The past few decades have been plagued by an increasing number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. To mitigate the rise in untreatable infections, we need new antibiotics with novel targets and drug combinations that reduce resistance development. The novel β-clamp targeting antimicrobial peptide BTP-001 was recently shown to have a strong additive effect in combination with the halogenated pyrrolopyrimidine JK-274. In this study, the molecular basis for this effect was examined by a comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic study of the individual and combined effects on Staphylococcus aureus. We found that JK-274 reduced activation of several TCA cycle enzymes, likely via increasing the cellular nitric oxide stress, and BTP-001 induced oxidative stress in addition to inhibiting replication, translation, and DNA repair processes. Analysis indicated that several proteins linked to stress were only activated in the combination and not in the single treatments. These results suggest that the strong additive effect is due to the activation of multiple stress responses that can only be triggered by the combined effect of the individual mechanisms. Importantly, the combination dose required to eradicate S. aureus was well tolerated and did not affect cell viability of immortalized human keratinocyte cells, suggesting a species-specific response. Our findings demonstrate the potential of JK-274 and BTP-001 as antibiotic drug candidates and warrant further studies.

Keywords: APIM; Staphylococcus aureus; antimicrobial peptide; metabolomics; proteomics; pyrrolopyrimidine; stress response.