Solubility measurement of verapamil for the preparation of developed nanomedicines using supercritical fluid

Nadia Esfandiari; Nedasadat Saadati Ardestani; Ratna Surya Alwi; Adrián Rojas; Chandrasekhar Garlapati; Seyed Ali Sajadian

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44280-7

Solubility measurement of verapamil for the preparation of developed nanomedicines using supercritical fluid

Sci Rep. 2023 Oct 10;13(1):17089. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44280-7.

Authors

Nadia Esfandiari¹, Nedasadat Saadati Ardestani², Ratna Surya Alwi³, Adrián Rojas^{4

5}, Chandrasekhar Garlapati⁶, Seyed Ali Sajadian^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.
² Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14857-336, Tehran, Iran.
³ National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Indonesia.
⁴ Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124, Santiago, Chile.
⁵ Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, 9170201, Santiago, Chile.
⁶ Department of Chemical Engineering, Pondicherry Technological University, Puducherry, 605014, India. chandrasekhar@ptuniv.edu.in.
⁷ Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, 87317-53153, Iran. seyedali.sajadian@gmail.com.
⁸ South Zagros Oil and Gas Production, National Iranian Oil Company, Postal Code, Shiraz, 7135717991, Iran. seyedali.sajadian@gmail.com.

Abstract

A static method is employed to determine the solubilities of verapamil in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at temperatures between 308 and 338 K and pressures between 12 and 30 MPa. The solubility of verapamil in SC-CO₂ expressed as mole fraction are in the range of 3.6 × 10^-6 to 7.14 × 10^-5. Using four semi-empirical density-based models, the solubility data are correlated: Chrastil, Bartle, Kumar-Johnston (K-J), and Mendez-Santiago and Teja (MST), two equations of state (SRK and PC-SAFT EoS), expanded liquid models (modified Wilson's models), and regular solution model. The obtained results indicated that the regular solution and PC-SAFT models showed the most noteworthy exactness with AARD% of 1.68 and 7.45, respectively. The total heat, vaporization heat, and solvation heat of verapamil are calculated at 39.62, 60.03, and - 20.41 kJ/mol, respectively. Regarding the poor solubility of verapamil in SC-CO₂, supercritical anti-solvent methods can be an appropriate choice to produce fine particles of this drug.