Objective: To investigate the effects of three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA)-assisted free medial sural artery perforator flap in repairing foot wounds. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. From May 2018 to August 2021, 18 patients with foot soft tissue defects who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to the Department of Spine and Trauma Orthopedics of the Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, including 13 males and 5 females, aged 19 to 55 years, with a wound area of 4.0 cm×3.0 cm-9.0 cm×8.0 cm at admission. Before the operation, CT scanner was used to scan the area from the supracondylar femur to the middle segment of the fibula of patients, and the obtained data were extracted into the Mimics16.0 software and analyzed to determine the pre-selected perforator, and then the image data of the pre-selected perforator side were analyzed further, and the body surface projection position of the perforating point of the medial sural artery in the calf region was marked. Based on the above examination, the flap was designed and cut according to the shape and area of the patient's foot tissue defect, and the area of flaps ranged from 5.0 cm×4.0 cm to 10.0 cm×9.0 cm. The donor sites were sutured directly or covered by skin grafting. The type of perforator, the diameters of perforator at the beginning and outlet point, and the location of the outlet point of perforator of the medial sural artery were observed under 3D-CTA examination before operation and compared to see if they were consistent with the observation under intraoperative condition. The survival of the flaps after operation was recorded. During follow-up, the satisfaction of patients with the wound repair effects, the sensory recovery of the recipient flaps, the healing of the donor wound, and whether there were complications affecting limb functions were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with Kappa consistency test and equivalence test, and the 95% confidence intervals of measurement difference of perforator diameter and outlet point position of perforator were -0.50-0.50 mm and -2.0-2.0 cm, respectively. Results: The types of medial sural artery perforators observed during operation were type Ⅰ in 3 cases, type ⅡA in 6 cases, type ⅡB in 8 cases, and type Ⅲ in 1 case, which was consistent with the results of 3D-CTA before operation (Kappa=1.00, P<0.05). The blood vessel diameter detected by 3D-CTA before operation at the beginning of perforator of medial sural artery was (1.81±0.39) mm, and the blood vessel diameter at the outlet point of the perforator was (0.83±0.21) mm, which were close to the actual intraoperative measurement of (1.83±0.43) and (0.86±0.22) mm, respectively; equivalence test showed that the 95% confidence intervals of the measurement differences of diameter of medial sural artery perforator at beginning and outlet point were -0.18-0.22 and -0.08-0.14 mm, respectively, with both P values <0.05. The preoperative 3D-CTA detected that the perforating position at the deep fascia of the perforator of the medial sural artery, namely the vertical distance with the popliteal fold was (12.2±1.4) cm, and the horizontal distance with the posterior midline was (2.6±0.7) cm, which were respectively close to the actual intraoperative measurement of (12.4±1.4) and (2.6±0.7) cm; equivalence test showed that the 95% confidence intervals of the measurement differences in the vertical distance with the popliteal fold and the horizontal distance with the posterior midline of the outlet point of medial sural artery perforator were -1.06-1.26 and -0.46-0.66 cm, respectively, with both P values <0.05. After surgery, all flaps of 18 patients survived without vascular crisis. After 1 year of follow-up, the satisfaction degree of 16 patients was excellent and 2 patients was good with the wound repair effects, with a satisfaction ratio of 16/18; the sensory recovery of flap was evaluated as S3 in 11 cases and S2 in 7 cases; the donor wounds healed well without obvious scar or contracture, with no effect on limb joint functions. Conclusions: The medial sural artery perforator flap achieved good results in repairing foot wound with high degree of patient satisfaction. Preoperative application of 3D-CTA can realize the standardization, systematization, and visualization of artery perforator flap.
目的： 探讨在三维CT血管造影（3D-CTA）辅助下采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部创面的疗效。 方法： 采用回顾性观察性研究方法。2018年5月—2021年8月，潍坊市益都中心医院脊柱创伤骨科收治18例符合入选标准的足部软组织缺损患者，其中男13例、女5例，年龄19~55岁，入院时创面面积为4.0 cm×3.0 cm~9.0 cm×8.0 cm。术前采用CT扫描机扫描患者股骨髁上至腓骨中段区域，将获得的数据提取到Mimics16.0软件并进行分析以确定预选穿支，然后对预选穿支侧图像数据进行进一步分析并标记腓肠内侧动脉穿支穿出点在小腿区域的体表投影位置。在前述检查的基础上，按患者足部组织缺损的形状、面积设计并切取皮瓣，皮瓣切取面积为5.0 cm×4.0 cm~10.0 cm×9.0 cm。将供区直接拉拢缝合或植皮覆盖。观察并比较术前3D-CTA检查下腓肠内侧动脉穿支类型、穿支起始处及穿出点管径、穿支穿出点位置与术中情况是否一致。记录术后皮瓣成活情况。随访时记录患者对创面修复效果的满意度、受区皮瓣的感觉恢复情况、供区创面愈合状况，以及是否存在对肢体功能有影响的并发症。对数据行Kappa一致性检验、等效性检验（穿支管径、穿支穿出点位置测量差值的95%置信区间分别为-0.50~0.50 mm、-2.0~2.0 cm）。 结果： 术中观察到腓肠内侧动脉穿支类型为Ⅰ型者3例、ⅡA型者6例、ⅡB型者8例、Ⅲ型者1例，与术前3D-CTA检查结果一致（Kappa=1.00，P<0.05）。术前3D-CTA探测到的腓肠内侧动脉穿支起始处血管管径为（1.81±0.39）mm，穿支穿出点血管管径为（0.83±0.21）mm，分别与术中实际测量的（1.83±0.43）、（0.86±0.22）mm相近；等效性检验显示，术前及术中测量的腓肠内侧动脉穿支起始处血管管径、穿支穿出点血管管径差值的95%置信区间分别为-0.18~0.22、-0.08~0.14 mm，P值均<0.05。术前3D-CTA探测到的腓肠内侧动脉穿支深筋膜处穿出位置，即其与腘窝褶皱的垂直距离为（12.2±1.4）cm，与后正中线的水平距离为（2.6±0.7）cm，分别与术中实际测量的（12.4±1.4）、（2.6±0.7）cm相近；等效性检验显示，术前及术中测量的腓肠内侧动脉穿支穿出点与腘窝褶皱的垂直距离、与后正中线的水平距离差值的95%置信区间分别为-1.06~1.26、-0.46~0.66 cm，P值均<0.05。术后，18例患者的皮瓣均全部成活，未发生血管危象。术后随访1年，患者中对创面修复效果满意度评价为满意者16例、一般者2例，满意比达16/18；皮瓣区感觉恢复评价为S3级者11例、S2级者7例；供区创面愈合良好，无明显瘢痕，无挛缩，肢体关节功能未受影响。 结论： 采用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部创面效果好，患者满意度高。术前应用3D-CTA可实现动脉穿支皮瓣的标准化、系统化和可视化。.