Microplastics are ubiquitous and increasing in soil of a sprawling urban area, Phoenix (Arizona)

Kanchana Chandrakanthan; Matthew P Fraser; Pierre Herckes

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167617

Microplastics are ubiquitous and increasing in soil of a sprawling urban area, Phoenix (Arizona)

Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jan 1:906:167617. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167617. Epub 2023 Oct 5.

Authors

Kanchana Chandrakanthan¹, Matthew P Fraser², Pierre Herckes³

Affiliations

¹ School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
² School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
³ School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States. Electronic address: pierre.herckes@asu.edu.

PMID: 37804992
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167617

Abstract

Microplastics are environmental contaminants that have been extensively studied in marine and aquatic environments; terrestrial ecosystems, where most microplastics originate and have the potential to accumulate, typically receive less attention. This study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal soil concentrations of microplastics in a large desert metropolitan area, the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP-LTER) area. Soil samples from the Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) surveys (2005 and 2015) were leveraged to study spatial distributions and the temporal change of microplastic abundances. The temporal soil microplastics data were supplemented by microplastics deposition fluxes in a central location within the area (Tempe, AZ) for a period of one year (Oct 5th, 2020 to Sept 22nd, 2021). Samples were processed and microplastics were counted under an optical microscope to obtain quantitative information of their distribution in soil. Results for the spatial variation of the microplastic abundances in soil samples in Phoenix and the surrounding areas of the Sonoran Desert from 2015 depict microplastics as ubiquitous and abundant in soils (122 to 1299 microplastics/kg) with no clear trends between different locations. Microplastics deposition fluxes show substantial deposition in the local area (71 to 389 microplastics/m²/day with an average deposition flux of 178 microplastics/m²/day) but the role of resuspension and redistribution by dust storms to deposition may contribute to the unclear spatial trends. Comparison between the 2005 and 2015 surveys show a systematic increase in the abundance of microplastics and a decrease in microplastics size. Micro-Raman spectroscopy identified a variety of plastics including PE, PS, PVC, PA, PES and PP. However, a majority of microplastics remained chemically unidentifiable. Polyethylene was present in 75 % of the sampling sites and was the most abundant polymer on average in all soil samples.

Keywords: AZ; Deposition fluxes; Microplastics; Phoenix; Soil; Spatial distribution; Temporal variation.