Tissue Stabilization, Bacterial Adhesion, and Stem Cell Viability in Trans-cinnamaldehyde-conditioned Dentin

Abstract

Introduction: This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) conditioning on dentin tissue stabilization, bacterial adhesion, and stem cell toxicity.

Methods: Dentin beams (n = 204) from extracted human molars were demineralized in phosphoric acid and treated with TC (2.5, 5, and 7.5%), 50% ethanol-water mixture (vehicle control) or 2.5% glutaraldehyde (GA) (positive control) for 30 minutes. Demineralized but untreated specimens served as the negative control. After treatment, collagen crosslinking was characterized by measuring the elastic modulus (E_r) and hardness (n = 5). Biodegradation resistance was examined by determining the loss of dry mass (n = 8), hydroxyproline release (n = 4) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 2), after exposure to bacterial collagenase. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion was investigated by colony counting assay (n = 12) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 2). Viability of stem cells of the apical papilla on TC-conditioned dentin was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (n = 8). Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons at a significance level of 5%.

Results: TC-conditioned dentin showed a concentration-dependent increase in E_r and hardness. The E_r and hardness of 5% and 7.5% TC-conditioned dentin were significantly greater than that of the negative control and vehicle control groups (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the biodegradation resistance between GA and 5% TC-conditioned dentin (P > .05). TC-conditioned dentin showed a well-preserved collagen fibril network with clear cross-banding, comparable to GA-conditioned dentin. All concentrations of TC inhibited bacterial adhesion on dentin, significantly greater than the negative control (P < .05). There was no reduction in viability of stem cells of the apical papilla viability on TC-conditioned dentin compared to the negative control (P > .05).

Conclusions: TC conditioning stabilized the dentin and protected it from enzymatic degradation. TC prevented bacterial adhesion on the dentin but maintained stem cell viability.

Keywords: Collagen; Enterococcus faecalis; cross linking; dentin; stem cells.