Untying the anchor for the lipopolysaccharide: lipid A structural modification systems offer diagnostic and therapeutic options to tackle polymyxin resistance

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2023 Sep 30;74(3):145-166. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3717. eCollection 2023 Sep 1.

Abstract

Polymyxin antibiotics are the last resort for treating patients in intensive care units infected with multiple-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Due to their polycationic structure, their mode of action is based on an ionic interaction with the negatively charged lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The most prevalent polymyxin resistance mechanisms involve covalent modifications of lipid A: addition of the cationic sugar 4-amino-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and/or phosphoethanolamine (pEtN). The modified structure of lipid A has a lower net negative charge, leading to the repulsion of polymyxins and bacterial resistance to membrane disruption. Genes encoding the enzymatic systems involved in these modifications can be transferred either through chromosomes or mobile genetic elements. Therefore, new approaches to resistance diagnostics have been developed. On another note, interfering with these enzymatic systems might offer new therapeutic targets for drug discovery. This literature review focuses on diagnostic approaches based on structural changes in lipid A and on the therapeutic potential of molecules interfering with these changes.

Polimiksinski antibiotici zadnja su linija liječenja pacijenata u intenzivnim jedinicama liječenja koji su inficirani multiplorezistentnim gram-negativnim bakterijama. S obzirom na njihovu polikationsku strukturu, njihov mehanizam djelovanja temelji se na ionskoj interakciji s negativno nabijenim dijelom lipopolisaharida koji se naziva lipid A. Najčešći mehanizmi rezistencije na polimiksine uključuju kovalentne modifikacije lipida A: adiciju kationskog šećera 4-amino-L-arabinoze (L-Ara4N) i/ili fosfoetanoloamina (pEtN). Modificirana struktura lipida A sadrži niži neto negativni naboj, što prouzročuje odbojne sile između polimiksina i lipida A. To dovodi do bakterijske rezistencije na urušavanje integriteta stanične membrane. Geni koji kodiraju za enzimske sustave koji sudjeluju u navedenim modifikacijama mogu se prenositi kromosomima ili mobilnim genskim elementima. Stoga su i razvijeni novi pristupi dijagnostici rezistencije. Osim toga, u navedenim enzimskim sustavima postoje i moguće nove terapijske mete za razvoj lijekova. Ovaj pregledni rad usredotočuje se na dijagnostičke metode koje se temelje na strukturnim promjenama u lipidu A i na terapijskom potencijalu molekula koje interferiraju s navedenim strukturnim modifikacijama.

Keywords: Gram-negative bacteria; MALDI-TOF-MS; MCR-1; adjuvansi; adjuvants; antimicrobial resistance; antimikrobna rezistencija; gram-negativne bakterije.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Drug Resistance, Bacterial / genetics
  • Humans
  • Lipid A / chemistry
  • Lipopolysaccharides* / chemistry
  • Polymyxins* / pharmacology
  • Polymyxins* / therapeutic use

Substances

  • Polymyxins
  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Lipid A
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents