Comparative Study of Guanidine-, Acetamidine- and Urea-Based Chloroaluminate Electrolytes for an Aluminum Battery

Iwan Sumarlan; Anand Kunverji; Anthony J Lucio; A Robert Hillman; Karl S Ryder

doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05287

Comparative Study of Guanidine-, Acetamidine- and Urea-Based Chloroaluminate Electrolytes for an Aluminum Battery

J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces. 2023 Sep 15;127(38):18891-18901. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05287. eCollection 2023 Sep 28.

Authors

Iwan Sumarlan^{1

2}, Anand Kunverji², Anthony J Lucio², A Robert Hillman², Karl S Ryder²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit. No. 62, Mataram 83115, Lombok, Indonesia.
² Centre for Sustainable Materials Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.

Abstract

Aluminum-based batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion as they are considered to be low-cost and more friendly to the environment. In addition, aluminum is abundant and evenly distributed across the globe. Many studies and Al battery prototypes use imidazolium chloroaluminate electrolytes because of their good rheological and electrochemical performance. However, these electrolytes are very expensive, and so cost is a barrier to industrial scale-up. A urea-based electrolyte, AlCl₃:Urea, has been proposed as an alternative, but its performance is relatively poor because of its high viscosity and low conductivity. This type of electrolyte has become known as an ionic liquid analogue (ILA). In this contribution, we proposed two Lewis base salt precursors, namely, guanidine hydrochloride and acetamidine hydrochloride, as alternatives to the urea-based ILA. We present the study of three ILAs, AlCl₃:Guanidine, AlCl₃:Acetamidine, and AlCl₃:Urea, examining their rheology, electrochemistry, NMR spectra, and coin-cell performance. The room temperature viscosities of both AlCl₃:Guanidine (52.9 cP) and AlCl₃:Acetamidine (76.0 cP) were significantly lower than those of the urea-based liquid (240.9 cP), and their conductivities were correspondingly higher. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) showed that all three electrolytes exhibit reversible deposition/dissolution of Al, but LSV indicated that AlCl₃:Guanidine and AlCl₃:Acetamidine ILAs have superior anodic stability compared to the AlCl₃:Urea electrolyte, as evidenced by anodic potential limits of +2.23 V for both AlCl₃:Guanidine and AlCl₃:Acetamidine and +2.12 V for AlCl₃:Urea. Coin-cell tests showed that both AlCl₃:Guanidine and AlCl₃:Acetamidine ILA exhibit a higher Coulombic efficiency (98 and 97%, respectively) than the AlCl₃:Urea electrolyte system, which has an efficiency of 88% after 100 cycles at 60 mA g^-1. Overall, we show that AlCl₃:Guanidine and AlCl₃:Acetamidine have superior performance when compared to AlCl₃:Urea, while maintaining low economic cost. We consider these to be valuable alternative materials for Al-based battery systems, especially for commercial production.