All land plants modulate their growth and physiology through intricate signaling cascades. The majority of these are at least modulated-and often triggered-by phytohormones. Over the past decade, it has become apparent that some phytohormones have an evolutionary origin that runs deeper than plant terrestrialization-many emerged in the streptophyte algal progenitors of land plants. Ethylene is such a case. Here we synthesize the current knowledge on the evolution of the phytohormone ethylene and speculate about its deeply conserved role in adjusting stress responses of streptophytes for more than half a billion years of evolution.
Keywords: Abiotic stress; Ethylene; Phytohormones; Plant evolution; Plant physiology; Plant terrestrialization; Signaling cascades; Streptophyte algae.
© 2023 The Authors.