An approach to generate synthetic 4DCT datasets to benchmark Mid-Position implementations

Abstract

Purpose: The Mid-Position image is constructed from 4DCT data using Deformable Image Registration and can be used as planning CT with reduced PTV volumes. 4DCT datasets currently-available for testing do not provide the corresponding Mid-P images of the datasets. This work describes an approach to generate human-like synthetic 4DCT datasets with the associated Mid-P images that can be used as reference in the validation of Mid-P implementations.

Methods: Twenty synthetic 4DCT datasets with the associated reference Mid-P images were generated from twenty clinical 4DCT datasets. Per clinical dataset, an anchor phase was registered to the remaining nine phases to obtain nine Deformable Vector Fields (DVFs). These DVFs were used to warp the anchor phase in order to generate the synthetic 4DCT dataset and the corresponding reference Mid-P image. Similarly, a reference 4D tumor mask dataset and its corresponding Mid-P tumor mask were generated. The generated synthetic datasets and masks were used to compare and benchmark the outcomes of three independent Mid-P implementations using a set of experiments.

Results: The Mid-P images constructed by the three implementations showed high similarity scores when compared to the reference Mid-P images except for one noisy dataset. The biggest difference in the estimated motion amplitudes (-2.6 mm) was noticed in the Superior-Inferior direction. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the three implementations for all experiments.

Conclusion: The described approach and the proposed experiments provide an independent method that can be used in the validation of any Mid-P implementation being developed.

Keywords: Deformable image registration; Evaluation; Mid-Position; Synthetic 4DCT.