Changes in smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of Parkinson's disease

Se Young Jung; Sohyun Chun; Eun Bin Cho; Kyungdo Han; Juhwan Yoo; Yohwan Yeo; Jung Eun Yoo; Su Min Jeong; Ju-Hong Min; Dong Wook Shin

doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1223310

Changes in smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of Parkinson's disease

Front Aging Neurosci. 2023 Sep 13:15:1223310. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1223310. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Se Young Jung^{1

2}, Sohyun Chun³, Eun Bin Cho⁴, Kyungdo Han⁵, Juhwan Yoo⁶, Yohwan Yeo⁷, Jung Eun Yoo⁸, Su Min Jeong⁷, Ju-Hong Min^{9

10

11}, Dong Wook Shin^{7

12

13}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Digital Healthcare, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
³ International Healthcare Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁴ Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
⁵ Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁶ Department of Biostatistics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁷ Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁸ Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁹ Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹⁰ Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹¹ Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹² Department of Clinical Study Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³ Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.

Abstract

Objective: There have been no studies on the association between changes in smoking and alcohol consumption or combined changes in smoking and alcohol consumption frequencies and PD risk. To assess the influence of changes in smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database between January 2009 to December 2011 was analyzed. A total of 3,931,741 patients were included. Study participants were followed up for the incidence of PD until December 2017.

Results: Compared to the sustained non-smokers, sustained light smokers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.85), sustained moderate smokers (aHR 0.54, 95% CI 0.47-0.61), and sustained heavy smokers (aHR 0.49, 95% CI 0.44-0.55) had a lower risk of PD. Compared to those who sustained non-drinking, sustained light drinkers (aHR 0.85 95% CI 0.89-0.91), sustained moderate drinkers (aHR 0.68, 95% CI 0.60-0.78), and sustained heavy drinkers (aHR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87) showed decreased risk of PD. Among non-drinkers, those who started drinking to a light level were at decreased risk of PD (aHR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.91). Among non-smoking and non-drinking participants, those who initiated smoking only (aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70-0.86), drinking only (aHR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87), and both smoking and drinking (aHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.82) showed decreased risk of PD.

Conclusion: Smoking is associated with decreased risk of PD with a dose-response relationship. Alcohol consumption at a light level may also be associated with decreased risk of PD. Further studies are warranted to find the possible mechanisms for the protective effects of smoking and drinking on PD, which may present insights into the etiology of PD.

Keywords: Asia; Parkinson’s disease; alcohol consumption; cigarette smoking; nicotine.