Iodine functionalized 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) crosslinked whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) for antibacterial application

Sayan Mukherjee; Anurag Kumar Pandey; Nantu Dogra; Bodhisatwa Das; Uday Kumar Singh; Santanu Dhara

doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113543

Iodine functionalized 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) crosslinked whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) for antibacterial application

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2023 Nov:231:113543. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113543. Epub 2023 Sep 22.

Authors

Sayan Mukherjee¹, Anurag Kumar Pandey², Nantu Dogra¹, Bodhisatwa Das³, Uday Kumar Singh⁴, Santanu Dhara⁵

Affiliations

¹ Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
² Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
³ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India.
⁴ School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
⁵ Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India. Electronic address: sdhara@smst.iitkgp.ac.in.

PMID: 37769387
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113543

Abstract

Whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) were synthesized using the microwave irradiation method, and its amine-rich surface functionality was crosslinked with covalently bound Iodine functionalized 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) to produce WCND-DHFI. The physicochemical characterization of both WCND and WCND-DHFI was performed and compared to comprehend the consequence of iodination on the characteristics of WCND. The suitability of CND in biological environments was evaluated through in vitro cytocompatibility and Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay, as well as a hemocompatibility study. WCND-DHFI has shown enhanced cell viability against WCND. Further, the antibacterial properties of both CNDs were studied against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, representing an enhancement in antibacterial activity after DHFI crosslinking. WCND-DHFI has depicted a stable and prominent bacteriostatic activity for up to 6 h for both strains of bacteria. WCND-DHFI has denoted a 99.996% and 99.999% loss of bacterial viability for gram-positive and negative strains, respectively. Novel surface functionalization portrays an improvement in antibacterial activity. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy represent the cell wall rupturing by the WCND-DHFI, resulting in bacterial death. The ROS-mediated bacteriostatic mechanism of WCND-DHFI has been explored through assessing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation assay. Moreover, the oxidative damage of DNA also has been explored. WCND-DHFI is performing as a promising cytocompatible and hemocompatible material for antibacterial applications.

Keywords: 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHF); Antimicrobial carbon nanodot; Antimicrobial resistance; Iodine functionalized Carbon nanodots; Surface functionalization.

MeSH terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents / chemistry
Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
Bacteria
Carbon / chemistry
Iodine*
Whey Proteins / pharmacology

Substances

Whey Proteins
Iodine
Carbon
2,5-dihydrofuran
Anti-Bacterial Agents