(1) Background: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a minimally invasive oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages for the treatment of lumbar pyogenic spondylodiscitis. (2) Methods: Fifty-one patients with single-level lumbar pyogenic spondylodiscitis were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: anterior lumbar interbody fusion with a tri-cortical iliac bone graft (ALIF+ tri-cortical iliac bone graft) (n = 28) and OLIF using PEEK cages with an autologous bone graft (OLIF+ PEEK cages) (n = 23). Perioperative radiographic parameters, complications, and clinical outcomes in both groups were analyzed and compared. (3) Results: The postoperative and final follow-up LL (lumbar lordosis) and RL (regional lordosis) were improved in both groups (p < 0.001). But, compared with the ALIF group, the OLIF group had more improvement of the RL. The operation time was 79 min for the OLIF group and 101 min for the ALIF group (p < 0.05). The intraoperative blood loss was 92 mL for the OLIF group and 114 mL for the ALIF group (p < 0.05). Significant clinical improvement was observed in visual analogue scale scores for the back and Oswestry Disability Index in both groups (p < 0.001). There was no recurrence of infection. (4) Conclusions: Compared with the ALIF group, the OLIF group had more improvement in radiographic and clinical outcomes. Thus, OLIF using PEEK cages with an autologous bone graft could be proposed for the surgical treatment of lumbar pyogenic spondylodiscitis.
Keywords: anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF); lumbar pyogenic spondylodiscitis; oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF).