Examining the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Lifestyle Habits on Obesity Prevalence Among Male and Female Adolescent Students in Asser, Saudi Arabia

Ayoub A Alshaikh; Abdulrahman S Alqahtani; Fahad A A AlShehri; Abdulrahman M Al Hadi; Meshal Mohammed M Alqahtani; Omair M Alshahrani; Meteb A Albraik; Saad A Alamri; Ramy M Ghazy

doi:10.7759/cureus.43918

Examining the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Lifestyle Habits on Obesity Prevalence Among Male and Female Adolescent Students in Asser, Saudi Arabia

Cureus. 2023 Aug 22;15(8):e43918. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43918. eCollection 2023 Aug.

Authors

Ayoub A Alshaikh¹, Abdulrahman S Alqahtani², Fahad A A AlShehri², Abdulrahman M Al Hadi², Meshal Mohammed M Alqahtani³, Omair M Alshahrani⁴, Meteb A Albraik⁵, Saad A Alamri⁶, Ramy M Ghazy⁷

Affiliations

¹ Family & Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU.
² Medical School, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU.
³ Medicine and Surgery Department, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU.
⁴ College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU.
⁵ Abha Health Sector, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Abha, SAU.
⁶ Public Health Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Aseer Region, Abha, SAU.
⁷ Tropic Health Department, High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University, Alexandria, EGY.

Abstract

Background Understanding the relationships between obesity and lifestyle factors is essential for the effective prevention and management of obesity in youth. This study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors, lifestyle elements such as physical activity and social stress, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Saudi adolescents in the Aseer region. Methodology From December 2022 to March 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study using the multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. The study included Saudi male and female adolescents aged 12-19 years attending middle and high schools. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the ordinal dependent variable, classified into weight groups (normal, overweight, obese), and the independent variables. Results Of the total of 512 individuals, 90.4% were aged ≥18 years, 77.5% were males, and 76.8% were urban residents. Of the studied population, 33.6% were overweight, and 20.5% were obese. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was significantly higher among males compared to females (20.9% vs. 19.1% and 36.5% vs. 23.5%, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed the following factors to be associated with obesity and overweight: female gender (2.31, 95% CI = 1.45-3.71), age 12-17 years (0.53, 95% CI = 0.28-0.97), place of delivery (Tanoma) (2.32, 95% CI = 1.13-4.75), family size of over eight members (0.43, 95% CI = 0.24-0.74), family monthly income of over 20,000 SAR (3.79, 95% CI = 1.38-11.35), being smokers (0.26, 95% CI = 1.31-2.93), experiencing social stress (1.96, 95% CI = 1.96-2.93), engagement in physical activity less than three times a week (0.49, 95% CI = 0.32-0.75), and engagement in physical activity more than three times a week (0.36, 95% CI = 0.22-0.58). Conclusions These findings emphasize the importance of addressing demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors in combating childhood and adolescent obesity through targeted interventions.

Keywords: body mass index (bmi); cigarette smoking; obesity; saudi arabia; sedentary lifestyle; stress.