Bio-oil from Hibiscus cannabinus seeds was extracted with four solvents: acetone, benzene, isopropanol, and hexane. Solvent extraction techniques have less oil residue than other methods. The primary factors that influence the extraction processes such as extraction time, particle size, seed ageing, and solvent suitability were optimised to enhance the bio-oil yield. The extracted bio-oil was tested by GC-MS, FTIR, and 1H-NMR. Physicochemical properties (free fatty acid, specific gravity, acid value, calorific value, saponification number, iodine number, etc.) of hibiscus cannabinus oil were also analysed on a dry weight basis. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (25.37%) followed by acetone (21.32%), Benzene (16.98%), and Isopropanol (14.20%) over 3.5 h. It is also predicted that the cost of Hibiscus cannabinus seed bio-oil per litre is Rs. 230 which is moderately economical Hibiscus cannabinus oil has a calorific value of 39,895 kJ/kg, making it a better fuel choice.
Keywords: 1H-NMR; GC-ms; Hibiscus cannabinus seeds; fTIR; physiochemical properties.