Calcium handling dysfunction and cardiac damage following acute ventricular preload challenge in the dystrophin-deficient mouse heart

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common muscular dystrophy and is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin deficiency is associated with structural and functional changes of the muscle cell sarcolemma and/or stretch-induced ion channel activation. In this investigation, we use mice with transgenic cardiomyocyte-specific expression of the GCaMP6f Ca²⁺ indicator to test the hypothesis that dystrophin deficiency leads to cardiomyocyte Ca²⁺ handling abnormalities following preload challenge. α-MHC-MerCreMer-GCaMP6f transgenic mice were developed on both a wild-type (WT) or dystrophic (Dmd^mdx-4Cv) background. Isolated hearts of 3-7-mo male mice were perfused in unloaded Langendorff mode (0 mmHg) and working heart mode (preload = 20 mmHg). Following a 30-min preload challenge, hearts were perfused in unloaded Langendorff mode with 40 μM blebbistatin, and GCaMP6f was imaged using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Incidence of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) was monitored before and following preload elevation at 20 mmHg. Hearts of both wild-type and dystrophic mice exhibited similar left ventricular contractile function. Following preload challenge, dystrophic hearts exhibited a reduction in GCaMP6f-positive cardiomyocytes and an increase in number of cardiomyocytes exhibiting Ca²⁺ waves/overload. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was low in both wild-type and dystrophic hearts during unloaded Langendorff mode. However, after preload elevation to 20-mmHg hearts of dystrophic mice exhibited an increased incidence of PVCs compared with hearts of wild-type mice. In conclusion, these data indicate susceptibility to preload-induced Ca²⁺ overload, ventricular damage, and ventricular dysfunction in male Dmd^mdx-4Cv hearts. Our data support the hypothesis that cardiomyocyte Ca²⁺ overload underlies cardiac dysfunction in muscular dystrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms of cardiac disease progression in muscular dystrophy are complex and poorly understood. Using a transgenic mouse model with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of the GCaMP6f Ca²⁺ indicator, the present study provides further support for the Ca²⁺-overload hypothesis of disease progression and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in muscular dystrophy.

Keywords: Duchenne; calcium overload; cardiomyopathy; muscular dystrophy; stretch.