Secondary diabetes mellitus in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Melpomeni Moustaki; Stavroula A Paschou; Elena Vakali; Paraskevi Xekouki; Georgia Ntali; Evanthia Kassi; Melpomeni Peppa; Theodora Psaltopoulou; Marinella Tzanela; Andromachi Vryonidou

doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03492-7

Secondary diabetes mellitus in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Endocrine. 2023 Dec;82(3):467-479. doi: 10.1007/s12020-023-03492-7. Epub 2023 Sep 20.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece.
² Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. s.a.paschou@gmail.com.
³ Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University General Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
⁴ Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Endo ERN Center, Evaggelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁵ Endocrine Unit, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁶ Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁷ Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Abstract

Secondary diabetes mellitus (DM) in secretory pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) is encountered in up to 50% of cases, with its presentation ranging from mild, insulin resistant forms to profound insulin deficiency states, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. PPGLs represent hypermetabolic states, in which adrenaline and noradrenaline induce insulin resistance in target tissues characterized by aerobic glycolysis, excessive lipolysis, altered adipokine expression, subclinical inflammation, as well as enhanced gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis. These effects are mediated both directly, upon adrenergic receptor stimulation, and indirectly, via increased glucagon secretion. Impaired insulin secretion is the principal pathogenetic mechanism of secondary DM in this setting; yet, this is relevant for tumors with adrenergic phenotype, arising from direct inhibitory actions in beta pancreatic cells and incretin effect impairment. In contrast, insulin secretion might be enhanced in tumors with noradrenergic phenotype. This dimorphic effect might correspond to two distinct glycemic phenotypes, with predominant insulin resistance and insulin deficiency respectively. Secondary DM improves substantially post-surgery, with up to 80% remission rate. The fact that surgical treatment of PPGLs restores insulin sensitivity and secretion at greater extent compared to alpha and beta blockade, implies the existence of further, non-adrenergic mechanisms, possibly involving other hormonal co-secretion by these tumors. DM management in PPGLs is scarcely studied. The efficacy and safety of newer anti-diabetic medications, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), as well as potential disease-modifying roles of metformin and SGLT2is warrant further investigation in future studies.

Keywords: Adrenergic phenotype; Aerobic glycolysis; Impaired insulin secretion; Noradrenergic phenotype; PPGLs; Secondary diabetes mellitus.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms* / complications
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / drug therapy
Diabetic Ketoacidosis*
Humans
Insulin / metabolism
Insulin Resistance*
Norepinephrine
Pheochromocytoma*
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors* / therapeutic use

Substances

Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Insulin
Norepinephrine