From common to rare: repurposing of bempedoic acid for the treatment of glycogen storage disease type 1

Abstract

Hypoketotic hypoglycaemia is a biochemical hallmark of glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD1). This is due to inhibition of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 1 by malonyl-CoA. This inhibits the influx of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for fatty acid oxidation. This leads to reduced hepatic ketogenesis and impaired energy production in the liver and kidney. Hypoketotic hypoglycaemia may result in CNS symptoms due to energy depletion.Recently, it was reported that enzymes involved in mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation are upregulated in PBMC from patients suffering from GSD1.I suggest that administration of the prodrug bempedoic acid results in reduced production of malonyl-CoA by inhibiting the ATP-citrate lyase, thus releasing the block of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid influx. These fatty acids could make use of the increased capacity of fatty acid oxidation as observed in PBMC recently. In the liver, ketogenesis is activated, and energy production is increased in both the liver and kidney. This could result in improved metabolic control and avoidance of cerebral energy depletion.Bempedoic acid is approved as medication in adult patients with hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia. Repurposing bempedoic acid for the use in GSD1 may improve metabolic control in GSD1.

Keywords: Bempedoic acid; Glycogen storage diseases type 1; Ketone bodies; Malonyl-CoA.