Single-atom Zr embedded Ti4O7 anode coupling with hierarchical CuFe2O4 particle electrodes toward efficient electrooxidation of actual pharmaceutical wastewater

Abstract

Electrocatalytic oxidation is commonly restricted by low degradation efficiency, slow mass transfer, and high energy consumption. Herein, a synergetic electrocatalysis system was developed for removal of various drugs, i.e., atenolol, florfenicol, and diclofenac sodium, as well as actual pharmaceutical wastewater, where the newly-designed single-atom Zr embedded Ti₄O₇ (Zr/Ti₄O₇) and hierarchical CuFe₂O₄ (CFO) microspheres were used as anode and microelectrodes, respectively. In the optimal reaction system, the degradation efficiencies of 40 mg L^-1 atenolol, florfenicol, and diclofenac sodium could achieve up to 98.8%, 93.4%, and 85.5% in 120 min with 0.1 g L^-1 CFO at current density of 25 mA cm^-2. More importantly, in the flow-through reactor, the electrooxidation lasting for 150 min could reduce the COD of actual pharmaceutical wastewater from 432 to 88.6 mg L^-1, with a lower energy consumption (25.67 kWh/m³). Meanwhile, the electrooxidation system maintained superior stability and environmental adaptability. DFT theory calculations revealed that the excellent performance of this electrooxidation system could be ascribed to the striking features of the reduced reaction energy barrier by single-atom Zr loading and abundant oxygen vacancies on the Zr/Ti₄O₇ surface. Moreover, the characterization and experimental results demonstrated that the CFO unique hierarchical structure and synergistic effect between electrodes were also the important factors that could improve the system performance. The findings shed light on the single-atom material design for boosting electrochemical oxidation performance.

Keywords: Atomically dispersed Zr/Ti(4)O(7); Hierarchical CuFe(2)O(4) microspheres; Oxygen vacancies; Pharmaceutical wastewater; Synergistic effect.