Congregating Ag into γ-Bi2O3 coupled with CoFe2O4 for enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin, Cr(VI) reduction and genotoxicity studies

V Subhiksha; Mohammad K Okla; P R Sivaranjani; Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud; Ibrahim A Saleh; Hashem A Abu-Harirah; S Sudheer Khan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140181

Congregating Ag into γ-Bi₂O₃ coupled with CoFe₂O₄ for enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin, Cr(VI) reduction and genotoxicity studies

Chemosphere. 2023 Nov:342:140181. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140181. Epub 2023 Sep 14.

Authors

V Subhiksha¹, Mohammad K Okla², P R Sivaranjani³, Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud², Ibrahim A Saleh⁴, Hashem A Abu-Harirah⁵, S Sudheer Khan⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
² Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
³ School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
⁴ Faculty of Science, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan.
⁵ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan.
⁶ Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: sudheerkhans.sdc@saveetha.com.

PMID: 37716560
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140181

Abstract

The work attempts to construct a highly effective γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄/Ag visible active photocatalyst for the enhanced degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Cr(VI) reduction. γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄/Ag photocatalyst was prepared by simple solid phase and co-precipitation methods. The nanosphere shaped CoFe₂O₄ photocatalyst are embedded on top of γ-Bi₂O₃ nanotriangle. The addition of Ag into γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄ heterojunction primitively facilitates the photocatalytic activity in higher rate. The quantitative analysis of photocatalyst possesses to have lower e^-/h⁺ recombination rate compared to its counterparts. The prepared γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄/Ag photocatalyst showed 96.6% degradation of CIP in 220 min and 99.2% reduction of Cr(VI) in 120 min. Additionally, γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄/Ag showed outstanding recyclability and long-term stability with a degradation efficiency of 96.5% even after six cycles. The intermediate products formed were identified and the degradation pathway was elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Total organic carbon measurement was carried over to assess the efficiency of complete degradation and the removal percentage was found to be 98%. The end product toxicity study towards bacteria was proven to have less toxicity level when compared to parent compound. Lastly, the genotoxicity of γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄/Ag photocatalyst was tested in Allium cepa and the results confirmed to have no cause of toxicity impacts. Overall, the work not only tends to provide a highly visible active γ-Bi₂O₃/CoFe₂O₄/Ag photocatalyst, but also attributes to have no further negative imprints in the environment.

Keywords: Ciprofloxacin; Cr(VI) reduction; Toxicity study; γ-Bi(2)O(3)/CoFe(2)O(4)/Ag photocatalyst.

MeSH terms

Chromium* / toxicity
Ciprofloxacin* / toxicity
DNA Damage
Light

Substances

Ciprofloxacin
chromium hexavalent ion
Chromium