Purpose: Spatial heterogeneity in tumor hypoxia is one of the most important factors regulating tumor growth, development, aggressiveness, metastasis, and affecting treatment outcome. Most solid tumors are known to have hypoxia or low oxygen levels (pO2 ≤10 torr). Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging (EPROI) is an emerging oxygen mapping technology. EPROI utilizes the linear relationship between the relaxation rates of the injectable OX071 trityl spin probe and the partial oxygen pressure (pO2). However, most of the EPROI studies have been limited to mouse models of solid tumors because of the instrument-size limitations. The purpose of this work was to develop a human-sized 9-mT (250 MHz resonance frequency, 60 cm bore size) pulse EPROI instrument and evaluate its performance with rabbit VX-2 tumor oxygen imaging.
Methods: A New Zealand white rabbit with a 3.2-cm VX-2 tumor in the calf muscle was imaged using the human-sized EPROI instrument and a 2.25-in. ID volume coil. The animal received a ~8-min intravenous injection of OX071 (5.2 mL total volume at 72 mM concentration) and, after 75 min, an intratumoral injection (120 μL total at 5 mM OX071 concentration) and underwent EPROI. At the end of the experiments, MRI was performed using a preclinical 9.4-T MRI system to outline the tumor boundaries.
Results: For the first time, a human-sized pulse EPROI instrument with a 60-cm bore size/250-MHz frequency was built and evaluated using rabbit tumor oxygen imaging. For the first time, the systemic IV injection of the oxygen-sensitive trityl OX071 spin probe was used for an animal of this size. The resulting EPROI image from the IV injection showed complete tumor coverage. The image obtained after intratumoral injection showed localized coverage in the upper lobe of the tumor, demonstrating the need for improved intratumoral injection protocol.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the performance of the world's first human-sized pulse EPROI instrument. It also demonstrates that the EPROI of larger animals can be performed using the systemic injection of a manageable amount of the spin probe. This brings EPROI one step closer to clinical applications in cancer therapies. Oxygen imaging is a platform technology, and the instrument and techniques developed here will also be useful for other clinical applications.
Keywords: Electron paramagnetic resonance; Human-size EPRI instrument; Oxygen; Oxygen imaging; Tumor hypoxia.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to World Molecular Imaging Society.