Structural diversity of leukotriene G-protein coupled receptors

Abstract

Dihydroxy acid leukotriene (LTB₄) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄) are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. While structurally similar, these two types of leukotrienes (LTs) exert their functions through interactions with two distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) families, BLT and CysLT receptors, which share low sequence similarity and belong to phylogenetically divergent GPCR groups. Selective antagonism of LT receptors has been proposed as a promising strategy for the treatment of many inflammation-related diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and several types of cancer. Selective CysLT₁R antagonists are currently used as antiasthmatic drugs, however, there are no approved drugs targeting CysLT₂ and BLT receptors. In this review, we highlight recently published structures of BLT₁R and CysLTRs revealing unique structural features of the two receptor families. X-ray and cryo-EM data shed light on their overall conformations, differences in functional motifs involved in receptor activation, and details of the ligand-binding pockets. An unexpected binding mode of the selective antagonist BIIL260 in the BLT₁R structure makes it the first example of a compound targeting the sodium-binding site of GPCRs and suggests a novel strategy for the receptor activity modulation. Taken together, these recent structural data reveal dramatic differences in the molecular architecture of the two LT receptor families and pave the way to new therapeutic strategies of selective targeting individual receptors with novel tool compounds obtained by the structure-based drug design approach.

Keywords: GPCR; activation pathway; leukotriene receptors; ligand binding pocket; structural biology.