The current situation of antibiotic pollution in lakes is critical. At present, most of the previous studies on antibiotics in lakes have focused on the spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment, while less attention has been paid to the source apportionment. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of tetracyclines (TCs), sulfonamides (SAs), and quinolones (QNs) in the samples. The source apportionment and source-specific risk of typical antibiotics in the study area were analyzed using the combination of a PMF model and risk quotients (RQ). The results showed that ① the total concentrations of target antibiotics (Σ antibiotics) ranged from ND to 2635 ng·L-1 for surface water and from ND to 259.8 ng·g-1 for sediments. ② The spatial distribution of QNs in surface water decreased from west to east, SAs decreased from middle to north and south, and TCs increased from middle to north and south. In the sediment, QNs decreased from middle to east and west, whereas SAs and TCs increased from east to west. ③ Aquaculture was the major antibiotic source, accounting for the highest proportion (33.2%), followed by sewage treatment plants (29.2%), livestock activities (18.9%), and domestic sewage (18.7%). ④ The ecological risk assessment results showed that enrofloxacin and flumequine were at a medium-high risk level. ⑤ For the spatial distribution of source-specific risk, the results showed that the aquaculture at S1 was at a high risk level, whereas the source-specific risks for other sites were at a medium-low risk level. In terms of source types, aquaculture was at a medium-high risk level, whereas the other sources were at a medium-low risk level. Therefore, considering the major sources and source-specific risk level of antibiotics, more precise and scientific antibiotic risk control should be adopted in Baiyangdian Lake.
Keywords: Baiyangdian Lake; PMF model; antibiotics; source apportionment; source-specific risk; spatial distribution.