The pesticide thiamethoxam induced toxicity in Brassica juncea and its detoxification by Pseudomonas putida through biochemical and molecular modifications

Sadaf Jan; Bhupender Singh; Renu Bhardwaj; Rattandeep Singh; Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli; Prashant Kaushik; Parvaiz Ahmad

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140111

The pesticide thiamethoxam induced toxicity in Brassica juncea and its detoxification by Pseudomonas putida through biochemical and molecular modifications

Chemosphere. 2023 Nov:342:140111. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140111. Epub 2023 Sep 9.

Authors

Sadaf Jan¹, Bhupender Singh¹, Renu Bhardwaj², Rattandeep Singh³, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli⁴, Prashant Kaushik⁵, Parvaiz Ahmad⁶

Affiliations

¹ School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
² Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
³ School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India. Electronic address: rattan.19383@lpu.co.in.
⁴ Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
⁶ Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, 192301, India. Electronic address: parvaizbot@yahoo.com.

PMID: 37696475
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140111

Abstract

Insecticides are extensively exploited by humans to destroy the pests one such compound thiamethoxam is widely used over crops to offer control over wide-array of sucking insect pests. The present study unravels the detoxification potential of Pseudomonas putida in thiamethoxam exposed B. juncea seedlings. The thiamethoxam application curtailed the fresh weight, dry weight and seedling length by 106.22%, 80.29% and 116.78% while P. putida revived these growth parameters in thiamethoxam exposed B. juncea seedlings by 59.65%, 72.99% and 164.56% respectively. The exogenous supplementation of P. putida resuscitated the photosynthetic efficiency of B. juncea seedlings exposed to thiamethoxam as total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were enhanced by 169.42%, 62.90%, 72.89%, 78.53%, 47.36% and 515.15% respectively in contrast to TMX exposed seedlings. Further, P. putida pre-treatment reinvigorated the osmoprotectant content in B. juncea seedlings grown in thiamethoxam as trehalose, glycine betaine and proline contents were thrusted by 21.20%, 58.98% and 34.26% respectively. The thiamethoxam exposure exorbitated the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and MDA levels by 223.03%, 130.18% and 74.63% while P. putida supplementation slackened these oxidative burst levels by 41.75%, 3.79% and 29.09% respectively in thiamethoxam treated seedlings. Notably, P. putida inoculation in thiamethoxam exposed seedlings upregulated the enzymatic antioxidant and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities as SOD, CAT and glutathione were enhanced by 163.76%, 99.29% and 114.91% respectively in contrast to thiamethoxam treated seedlings. The gene expression analysis exhibited the negative impact of thiamethoxam on B. juncea seedlings as conferred by upregulation of chlorophyllase by 443.86 folds whereas P. putida application in thiamethoxam exposed seedlings downregulated the chlorophyllase expression by 248.73 folds and upregulated CXE, GST, NADH and POD genes by 0.44, 4.07, 1.43 and 0.98 folds respectively suggesting the molecular-level thiamethoxam detoxification efficiency of P. putida.

Keywords: Antioxidants; Chlorophyll; Enzymatic antioxidant; Pesticide; Photosynthesis; Real-time PCR.