The development of high-performance self-powered sensors in advanced composites addresses the increasing demands of various fields such as aerospace, wearable electronics, healthcare devices, and the Internet-of-Things. Among different energy sources, the thermoelectric (TE) effect which converts ambient temperature gradients to electric energy is of particular interest. However, challenges remain on how to increase the power output as well as how to harvest thermal energy at the out-of-plane direction in high-performance fiber-reinforced composite laminates, greatly limiting the pace of advance in this evolving field. Herein, we utilize a temperature-induced self-folding process together with continuous carbon nanotube veils to overcome these two challenges simultaneously, achieving a high TE output (21 mV and 812 nW at a temperature difference of 17 °C only) in structural composites with the capability to harvest the thermal energy from out-of-plane direction. Real-time self-powered deformation and damage sensing is achieved in fabricated composite laminates based on a thermal gradient of 17 °C only, without the need of any external power supply, opening up new areas of autonomous self-powered sensing in high-performance applications based on TE materials.
Keywords: carbon nanotubes; self-powered sensing; temperature-induced self-folding; thermoelectric.