To gain a more comprehensive understanding of habitat preferences, potential wintering area distribution and drivers of population expansion of Grus leucogeranus, we selected 70 geographical distribution points and 11 environmental variables in its wintering period from 2015-2022. We modeled suitable habitat patterns for G. leucogeranus in China using MaxEnt model, and analyzed the relationship between suitable habitat distribution and environmental factors. The results showed that the dominant factors affecting the overwintering distribution of G. leucogeranus were distance to mudflats, elevation, average precipitation in February, distance to water sources, minimum temperature in December, and land use type, with a cumulative contribution rate of 94.6%. The wintering ground of G. leucogeranus in China was mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Plain and the Yellow River Delta of the North China Plain. In these regions, the area of high-, medium- and low-suitability habitat were 17685, 60787 and 60747 km2, respectively. A total of 40 protected areas had been established in the high-suitability wintering range of G. leucogeranus in China, whereas 12 high-suitability wetlands such as Qili Lake in Anhui, Liangzi Lake in Hubei and Chenjia Lake in Jiangxi were still unprotected. The wintering grounds had shown a trend of expansion to the northeast and southeast since 2015. Considering the large-scale habitat shifts of G. leucogeranus in recent years and the frequent new wintering records in various places, we suggested that the shortage of food resources in natural habitats was the main factor driving the expansion of G. leucogeranus' wintering range. To protect G. leucogeranus more effectively, we should strengthen the restoration of natural habitats and the management of farmland habitats.
为更全面了解白鹤生境偏好、潜在越冬区分布及种群扩散的驱动因子,本研究选取2015—2022年白鹤越冬期的70条地理分布数据及11个环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型模拟中国白鹤的适宜生境格局,分析其适宜生境分布与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 影响白鹤越冬分布的主导因子为距滩地距离、海拔、2月平均降水量、距水源距离、12月最低温和土地利用类型,累计贡献率达94.6%。我国白鹤越冬地主要分布于长江中下游平原及华北平原的黄河三角洲,其中,高、中、低适宜区面积分别为17685、60787和60747 km2。目前,我国白鹤高适宜越冬区已建立保护区40处,但12处高适宜湿地如安徽七里湖、湖北梁子湖和江西陈家湖等仍处于保护空缺状态。自2015年,白鹤越冬地呈现向东北及东南扩张的趋势,结合近年白鹤大规模生境转移及此后各地频繁的越冬新纪录,本研究认为自然生境食物资源短缺是驱使白鹤越冬分布区扩张的主要因素。为更有效地保护白鹤种群,应采取措施加强自然生境恢复和农田生境的管理。.
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