Genetic mapping of the LOSS OF PARTHENOGENESIS locus in Pilosella piloselloides and the evolution of apomixis in the Lactuceae

Ross Bicknell; Marion Gaillard; Andrew Catanach; Robert McGee; Sylvia Erasmuson; Beatrice Fulton; Christopher Winefield

doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1239191

Genetic mapping of the LOSS OF PARTHENOGENESIS locus in Pilosella piloselloides and the evolution of apomixis in the Lactuceae

Front Plant Sci. 2023 Aug 25:14:1239191. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1239191. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Ross Bicknell¹, Marion Gaillard², Andrew Catanach¹, Robert McGee³, Sylvia Erasmuson¹, Beatrice Fulton¹, Christopher Winefield⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Breeding and Genomics, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand.
² Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Lincoln, QC, Canada.
⁴ Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Abstract

Pilosella piloselloides var. praealta (syn. P. praealta; Hieracium praealtum) is a versatile model used to study gametophytic apomixis. In this system apomixis is controlled by three loci: one that controls the avoidance of meiosis (LOA), one that controls the avoidance of fertilization (LOP) and a third that controls autonomous endosperm formation (AutE). Using a unique polyhaploid mapping approach the LOP locus was mapped to a 654 kb genomic interval syntenic to linkage group 8 of Lactuca sativa. Polyhaploids form through the gametophytic action of a dominant determinant at LOP, so the mapped region represents both a functional and a physical domain for LOP in P. piloselloides. Allele sequence divergence (ASD) analysis of the PARTHENOGENESIS (PAR) gene within the LOP locus revealed that dominant PAR alleles in Pilosella remain highly similar across the genus, whilst the recessive alleles are more divergent. A previous report noted that dominant PAR alleles in both Pilosella and Taraxacum are modified by the presence of a class II transposable element (TE) in the promoter of the gene. This observation was confirmed and further extended to the related genus Hieracium. Sufficient differences were noted in the structure and location of the TE elements to conclude that TE insertional events had occurred independently in the three genera. Measures of allele crossover amongst the polyhaploids revealed that P. piloselloides is an autopolyploid species with tetrasomic inheritance. It was also noted that the dominant determinant of LOP in P. piloselloides could transmit via a diploid gamete (pollen or egg) but not via a haploid gamete. Using this information, a model is presented of how gametophytic apomixis may have evolved in several members of the Lactuceae, a tribe of the Asteraceae.

Keywords: allele sequence divergence; apomixis; egg cell activation; parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction); pilosella.

Grants and funding

The authors would like to thank the former New Zealand Foundation for Science and Technology (now the New Zealand Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment), and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries for their financial support of this study.