Experimental and meta-analytic evidence that source variability of misinformation does not increase eyewitness suggestibility independently of repetition of misinformation

Rachel O'Donnell; Jason C K Chan; Jeffrey L Foster; Maryanne Garry

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1201674

Experimental and meta-analytic evidence that source variability of misinformation does not increase eyewitness suggestibility independently of repetition of misinformation

Front Psychol. 2023 Aug 24:14:1201674. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1201674. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Rachel O'Donnell¹, Jason C K Chan¹, Jeffrey L Foster², Maryanne Garry³

Affiliations

¹ Memory, Law, and Education Laboratory, Psychology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
² Department of Security Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³ School of Psychology, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Abstract

Considerable evidence has shown that repeating the same misinformation increases its influence (i.e., repetition effects). However, very little research has examined whether having multiple witnesses present misinformation relative to one witness (i.e., source variability) increases the influence of misinformation. In two experiments, we orthogonally manipulated repetition and source variability. Experiment 1 used written interview transcripts to deliver misinformation and showed that repetition increased eyewitness suggestibility, but source variability did not. In Experiment 2, we increased source saliency by delivering the misinformation to participants via videos instead of written interviews, such that each witness was visibly and audibly distinct. Despite this stronger manipulation, there was no effect of source variability in Experiment 2. In addition, we reported a meta-analysis (k = 19) for the repeated misinformation effect and a small-scale meta-analysis (k = 8) for the source variability effect. Results from these meta-analyses were consistent with the results of our individual experiments. Altogether, our results suggest that participants respond based on retrieval fluency rather than source-specifying information.

Keywords: eyewitness memory; eyewitness suggestibility; misinformation; misinformation effect; repetition; source variability.