Characterization of atmospheric mercury from mercury-added product manufacturing using passive air samplers

Qing Luo; Yuxuan Ren; Zehang Sun; Yu Li; Bing Li; Sen Yang; Wanpeng Zhang; Frank Wania; Yuanan Hu; Hefa Cheng

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122519

Characterization of atmospheric mercury from mercury-added product manufacturing using passive air samplers

Environ Pollut. 2023 Nov 15:337:122519. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122519. Epub 2023 Sep 8.

Authors

Qing Luo¹, Yuxuan Ren¹, Zehang Sun², Yu Li¹, Bing Li³, Sen Yang³, Wanpeng Zhang³, Frank Wania⁴, Yuanan Hu³, Hefa Cheng⁵

Affiliations

¹ MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
² School of Land and Tourism, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China.
³ MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
⁴ Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada.
⁵ MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. Electronic address: hefac@umich.edu.

PMID: 37690466
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122519

Abstract

Although alternatives to mercury (Hg) are available in most products and industrial activities, Hg continues to be an ingredient in some products, including fluorescent lamps and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). In this work, low-cost passive air samplers (PASs) were used to investigate the atmospheric Hg pollution in Zhongshan, a large industrial city and major hub of mercury-added product manufacturing in South China. The GEM concentrations in the atmosphere were measured for two weeks during the summer of 2019 at a total of 144 sites across Zhongshan. Comparison with the results of active sampling confirmed that the PASs yielded accurate and reliable gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and were thus well-suited for multi-site field monitoring. The mean GEM concentrations in the areas with mercury-added product manufacturing activities (5.1 ± 0.4 ng m^-3) were significantly higher than those in other parts of Zhongshan (1.5 ± 0.4 ng m^-3), indicating that local releases, rather than regional transport, were responsible for the atmospheric Hg pollution. Elevated GEM concentrations (up to 11.4 ng m^-3) were found in the vicinity of fluorescent lamp and EEE factories and workshops, indicating significant Hg vapor emissions, presumably from the outdated production technologies and non-standard operation by under-trained workers. The Hg emissions from mercury-added product manufacturing were estimated to be 0.06 and 7.8 t yr^-1 for Zhongshan and China, respectively, based on the scales of fluorescent lamp and EEE production. The non-carcinogenic health risk of Zhongshan residents from inhalation and ingestion was judged acceptable, whereby the inhalation exposure in Hg-polluted areas exceeded that of dietary ingestion. These findings demonstrate that mercury-added product manufacturing still contributes notably to anthropogenic gaseous Hg releases in the industrial areas with intense mercury-added product manufacturing activities.

Keywords: EEE production; Emission sources; Fluorescent lamp production; Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM); Health risk; Passive sampling.

MeSH terms

Air
Air Pollutants* / analysis
Atmosphere
Environmental Monitoring / methods
Gases
Humans
Mercury* / analysis

Substances

Mercury
Air Pollutants
Gases