Ability of Latilactobacillus curvatus FAM25164 to produce tryptamine: Identification of a novel tryptophan decarboxylase

Abstract

Screenings of cheese isolates revealed that the Latilactobacillus curvatus strain FAM25164 formed tryptamine and tyramine. In the present study, it was studied whether a tryptophan decarboxylase, which has rarely been described in bacteria, could be involved in the production of tryptamine. The genome of strain FAM25164 was sequenced and two amino acid decarboxylase genes of interest were identified by sequence comparisons and gene context analyses. One of the two genes, named tdc1, showed 99% identity to the tdcA gene that has recently been demonstrated by knockout studies to play a role in tyramine formation in L. curvatus. The second gene, named tdc2, was predicted to have an amino acid decarboxylase function, but could not be assigned to a metabolic function. Its protein sequence has 51% identity with Tdc1 and the tdc2 gene is part of a gene cluster not often found in publicly available genome sequences of L. curvatus. Among others, the gene cluster includes a tryptophan-tRNA ligase, indicating that tdc2 plays a role in tryptophan metabolism. To study decarboxylase activity, tdc1 and tdc2 were cloned and expressed as His6-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli. The recombinant E. coli expressing tdc1 produced tyramine, whereas E. coli expressing tdc2 produced tryptamine. The purified recombinant Tdc1 protein decarboxylated tyrosine and 2,3-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA), but not tryptophan and phenylalanine. In contrast, the purified Tdc2 was capable of decarboxylating tryptophan but not l-DOPA, tyrosine, or phenylalanine. This study describes a novel bacterial tryptophan decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.105) that may be responsible for tryptamine formation in cheese.

Keywords: Cheese; Latilactobacillus curvatus; Tryptamine; Tryptophan decarboxylase.