The Influence of Quadriceps Strength and Rate of Torque Development on the Recovery of Knee Biomechanics During Running After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Keith A Knurr; Daniel G Cobian; Stephanie A Kliethermes; Mikel R Stiffler-Joachim; Bryan C Heiderscheit

doi:10.1177/03635465231194617

The Influence of Quadriceps Strength and Rate of Torque Development on the Recovery of Knee Biomechanics During Running After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Am J Sports Med. 2023 Oct;51(12):3171-3178. doi: 10.1177/03635465231194617. Epub 2023 Sep 8.

Authors

Keith A Knurr^{1

2

3}, Daniel G Cobian^{1

2}, Stephanie A Kliethermes^{1

2}, Mikel R Stiffler-Joachim^{1

2}, Bryan C Heiderscheit^{1

2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
² Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
³ Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

PMID: 37681433
PMCID: PMC10985737 (available on 2024-10-01)
DOI: 10.1177/03635465231194617

Abstract

Background: After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), altered surgical knee biomechanics during running is common. Although greater quadriceps strength is associated with more symmetrical running knee kinetics after ACLR, abnormal running mechanics persist even after resolution of quadriceps strength deficits. As running is a submaximal effort task characterized by limited time to develop knee extensor torque, quadriceps rate of torque development (RTD) may be more closely associated with recovery of running knee mechanics than peak torque (PT).

Purpose: To assess the influence of recovery in quadriceps PT and RTD symmetry on knee kinematic and kinetic symmetry during running over the initial 2 years after ACLR.

Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: A total of 39 Division I collegiate athletes (106 testing sessions; 19 female) completed serial isometric performance testing and running analyses between 3 and 24 months after ACLR. Athletes performed maximal and rapid isometric knee extension efforts with each limb to assess PT and RTD between-limb symmetry indices (PT_LSI and RTD_LSI), respectively. Peak knee flexion difference (PKF_DIFF) and peak knee extensor moment limb symmetry index (PKEM_LSI) during running were computed. Multivariable linear mixed-effects models assessed the influence of PT_LSI and RTD_LSI on PKF_DIFF and PKEM_LSI over the initial 2 years after ACLR.

Results: Significant main effects of RTD_LSI (P < .001) and time (P≤ .02) but not PT_LSI (P≥ .24) were observed for both PKF_DIFF and PKEM_LSI models. For a 10% increase in RTD_LSI, while controlling for PT_LSI and time, a 0.9° (95% CI, 0.5°-1.3°) reduction in PKF_DIFF and a 3.5% (95% CI, 1.9%-5.1%) increase in PKEM_LSI are expected. For every month after ACLR, a 0.2° (95% CI, 0.1°-0.4°) reduction in PKF_DIFF and a 1.3% (95% CI, 0.6%-2.0%) increase in PKEM_LSI are expected, controlling for PT_LSI and RTD_LSI.

Conclusion: Quadriceps RTD_LSI was more strongly associated with symmetrical knee biomechanics during running compared with PT_LSI or time throughout the first 2 years after ACLR.

Keywords: ACL; biomechanics; collegiate athlete; quadriceps strength; rate of torque development; running.

Publication types

Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries* / surgery
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction*
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cohort Studies
Female
Humans
Knee Joint / surgery
Muscle Strength
Quadriceps Muscle / surgery
Running*
Torque

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding