ScatterNet for projection-based 4D cone-beam computed tomography intensity correction of lung cancer patients

Henning Schmitz; Adrian Thummerer; Maria Kawula; Elia Lombardo; Katia Parodi; Claus Belka; Florian Kamp; Christopher Kurz; Guillaume Landry

doi:10.1016/j.phro.2023.100482

ScatterNet for projection-based 4D cone-beam computed tomography intensity correction of lung cancer patients

Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2023 Aug 18:27:100482. doi: 10.1016/j.phro.2023.100482. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Authors

Henning Schmitz¹, Adrian Thummerer¹, Maria Kawula¹, Elia Lombardo¹, Katia Parodi², Claus Belka^{1

3

4}, Florian Kamp^{1

5}, Christopher Kurz¹, Guillaume Landry¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
² Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Garching (Munich), Germany.
³ German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁴ Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Munich, Germany.
⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Abstract

Background and purpose: In radiotherapy, dose calculations based on 4D cone beam CTs (4DCBCTs) require image intensity corrections. This retrospective study compared the dose calculation accuracy of a deep learning, projection-based scatter correction workflow (ScatterNet), to slower workflows: conventional 4D projection-based scatter correction (CBCT_cor) and a deformable image registration (DIR)-based method (4DvCT). Materials and methods: For 26 lung cancer patients, planning CTs (pCTs), 4DCTs and CBCT projections were available. ScatterNet was trained with pairs of raw and corrected CBCT projections. Corrected projections from ScatterNet and the conventional workflow were reconstructed using MA-ROOSTER, yielding 4DCBCT_SN and 4DCBCT_cor. The 4DvCT was generated by 4DCT to 4DCBCT DIR, as part of the 4DCBCT_cor workflow. Robust intensity modulated proton therapy treatment plans were created on free-breathing pCTs. 4DCBCT_SN was compared to 4DCBCT_cor and the 4DvCT in terms of image quality and dose calculation accuracy (dose-volume-histogram parameters and $3 %$ / $3 mm$ gamma analysis). Results: 4DCBCT_SN resulted in an average mean absolute error of $87 HU$ and $102 HU$ when compared to 4DCBCT_cor and 4DvCT respectively. High agreement was observed in targets with median dose differences of $0.4 Gy$ (4DCBCT_SN-4DCBCT_cor) and $0.3 Gy$ (4DCBCT_SN-4DvCT). The gamma analysis showed high average $3 %$ / $3 mm$ pass rates of $96 %$ for both 4DCBCT_SN vs. 4DCBCT_cor and 4DCBCT_SN vs. 4DvCT. Conclusions: Accurate 4D dose calculations are feasible for lung cancer patients using ScatterNet for 4DCBCT correction. Average scatter correction times could be reduced from $10 \min$ (4DCBCT_cor) to $3.9 s$ , showing the clinical suitability of the proposed deep learning-based method.

Keywords: 4DCBCT; Deep learning; Lung cancer; Projection-based; Proton therapy; Scatter correction.