Social and ethical implications of data and technology use on farms: a qualitative study of Swedish dairy and pig farmers

Charlotte Doidge; Jenny Frössling; Fernanda C Dórea; Anna Ordell; Gema Vidal; Jasmeet Kaler

doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1171107

Social and ethical implications of data and technology use on farms: a qualitative study of Swedish dairy and pig farmers

Front Vet Sci. 2023 Aug 22:10:1171107. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1171107. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Charlotte Doidge¹, Jenny Frössling^{2

3}, Fernanda C Dórea², Anna Ordell², Gema Vidal², Jasmeet Kaler¹

Affiliations

¹ School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
² Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
³ Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

Abstract

Introduction: Livestock farmers are being increasingly encouraged to adopt digital health technologies on their farms. Digital innovations may have unintended consequences, but there tends to be a pro-innovation bias in previous literature. This has led to a movement towards "responsible innovation," an approach that questions the social and ethical challenges of research and innovation. This paper explores the social and ethical issues of data and technologies on Swedish dairy and pig farms from a critical perspective.

Methods: Six focus groups were conducted with thirteen dairy and thirteen pig farmers. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and a digital critical health lens, which focuses on concepts of identity and power.

Results and discussion: The analysis generated four themes: extending the self, sense of agency, quantifying animals, and managing human labour. The findings suggest that technologies can change and form the identities of farmers, their workers, and animals by increasing the visibility of behaviours and bodies through data collection. Technologies can also facilitate techniques of power such as conforming to norms, hierarchical surveillance, and segregation of populations based on data. There were many contradictions in the way that technology was used on farms which suggests that farmers cannot be dichotomised into those who are opposed to and those that support adoption of technologies. Emotions and morality played an important role in the way animals were managed and technologies were used by farmers. Thus, when developing innovations, we need to consider users' feelings and attachments towards the technologies. Technologies have different impacts on farmers and farm workers which suggests that we need to ensure that we understand the perspectives of multiple user groups when developing innovations, including those that might be least empowered.

Keywords: dairy farmers; focus groups; identity; pig farmers; power; precision livestock farming; responsible innovation.