Introduction and objectives: To investigate the additive role of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) independent from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and clinical-pathological parameters to predict pathological upgrading in patients with ISUP grade group (GG) 1 prostate cancer (PCa) at prostate biopsy.
Materials and methods: A total of 41 patients who underwent robotic radical prostatectomy (RP) for GG1 disease at prostate biopsy with preoperative PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI images available for central review were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the independent predictors of pathological upgrading (GG ≥ 2).
Results: Final RP pathology revealed upgrading in 26 patients (65.9%); to GG 2 disease in 25 cases and GG 4 disease in one case. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) upgrading rates for prostate imaging-reporting and data system (PIRADS)-5, PIRADS-4, and PIRADS ≤ 3 lesions were 78%, 74%, and 38%, respectively. Fourteen out of 15 (93.3%) patients with an SUVmax ≥ 5.6 and all patients with an SUVmax ≥ 6.5 (n = 10) had pathological upgrading. The upgrading rate in patients with SUV < 5.6 was 46.2% (12/26). Intraprostatic SUVmax ≥ 5.6 was found as the only independent predictor of pathological upgrading in multivariate analysis.
Conclusion: High prostatic PSMA uptake was found to be a very reliable predictor of pathological upgrading, but low PSMA uptake cannot exclude pathological upgrading. Intraprostatic PSMA uptake along with previously known mpMRI and biopsy-related parameters should be considered when making a treatment decision in patients with GG1 PCa at prostate biopsy.
Keywords: PET; PSMA; mpMRI; predicting factors; prostate cancer; upgrade.
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