Magnetic coagulation and flocculation of kaolin suspension using Fe3O4 with plant polyphenol self-assembled flocculants

Abstract

In this work, magnetic flocculant (Fe₃O₄@PP) was synthesized using plant polyphenol (PP) as a shaping ligand via in situ self-assembly. Characterization results revealed that Fe₃O₄@PP exhibited uniform particle size and excellent dispersibility with PP coating amount of 16.4 %. Experimental results suggested that Fe₃O₄@PP showed excellent turbidity removal efficiency in a wide pH range (3.0-10) and initial turbidity range (50-2000 NTU). Under the optimal conditions, Fe₃O₄@PP achieved 95.2 % of turbidity removal for simulated kaolin suspension and 96.9 % for actual wastewater. Fe₃O₄@PP exhibited excellent recycling and reusability properties, with high recycling efficiency of 93.3 % even after the fifth cycle. Microscopic observation revealed the formation process of magnetic flocs, involving particle aggregation, chain and cluster formation, and dense network aggregate formation. The structural characteristics and size of magnetic flocs were found to be significantly influenced by the combined effects of magnetic force, electric charge, van der Waals force, and functional groups on the surface of PP. The extended Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek models indicated that magnetic interactions were the primary mechanism for magnetic flocculation, accompanied by charge neutralization, adsorption bridging, sweeping, and net trapping.

Keywords: Fe(3)O(4); Magnetic flocculation; Plant polyphenol; Self-assembly; Turbidity.