Objective: The paper describes the introduction, and early use of chemically and electrically induced convulsive therapies, at the Mysore Government Mental Hospital (MGMH), now the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India. Cardiazol and ammonium chloride were used at MGMH before the introduction of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The study examines the early history, clinical correlates and outcome of convulsive therapies and attempts to contextualize how local conditions influenced implementation.
Method: Three sets of archival case-records from 1938 to 1948, each of a period of 9 months following the implementation of a particular mode of convulsive therapy were reviewed.
Results: During the examined timeframe, 40 patients received cardiazol, 95 ammonium chloride and 50 unmodified ECT. Schizophrenia was the commonest clinical indication for convulsive therapy across all modalities of treatment. When outcomes were examined, 45%, 48.4% and 62% of patients were clinically reported to have been either cured/improved after receiving cardiazol, ammonium chloride and ECT respectively. Those receiving cardiazol had a high mortality of 22.5%, compared to 3.1% for ammonium chloride and 4% with ECT.
Conclusions: Convulsive therapies were one of the first somatic psychiatric treatments, introduced around 1930s and 1940s all over the world, including in India. Our archival records suggest that many international ideas about somatic treatments were quickly adopted in India. Electroconvulsive therapy and other novel neuromodulatory interventions continue to be used and actively researched in India.
Keywords: Convulsive therapy; Electroconvulsive therapy; History; India.
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