Background: The tongue is an essential organ for the development of certain crucial functions such as swallowing and speech. The examination of the tongue can be very useful in neurology, as the various types of lingual alterations can lead to certain specific diagnoses, the tongue being a kind of 'mirror' of some neurological function.
Review summary: To discuss the elements of clinical examination of the tongue in relation to neurological disorders. After reviewing the different superficial lesions of the tongue, we deal with various movement disorders of the tongue (fasciculations/myokimia, orolingual tremor, choreic movements of the tongue, dystonia of the tongue, lingual myoclonus, and psychogenic movements), disorders of taste and lingual sensitivity and lingual pain.
Conclusions: Examination of the tongue should not be limited to studying its motility and trophicity. It is equally important to check the sensory function and understand how to interpret abnormal movements involving the tongue. This study also aimed to demonstrate the importance of nonmotor tongue function in neurological practice.
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