Background: This systematic review summarizes recent literature on the use of extended reality, including augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR), in preoperative planning for orbital fractures.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane on 6 April 2023. The included studies compared extended reality with conventional planning techniques, focusing on computer-aided surgical simulation based on Computed Tomography data, patient-specific implants (PSIs), fracture reconstruction of the orbital complex, and the use of extended reality. Outcomes analyzed were technical accuracy, planning time, operative time, complications, total cost, and educational benefits.
Results: A total of 6381 articles were identified. Four articles discussed the educational use of VR, while one clinical prospective study examined AR for assisting orbital fracture management.
Conclusion: AR was demonstrated to ameliorate the accuracy and precision of the incision and enable the better identification of deep anatomical tissues in real time. Consequently, intraoperative imaging enhancement helps to guide the orientation of the orbital reconstruction plate and better visualize the precise positioning and fixation of the PSI of the fractured orbital walls. However, the technical accuracy of 2-3 mm should be considered. VR-based educational tools provided better visualization and understanding of craniofacial trauma compared to conventional 2- or 3-dimensional images.
Keywords: augmented reality; computer-assisted image analysis; orbital fractures; orbital implants; preoperative planning; traumatology; virtual reality.