Post COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) is the persistence of symptoms after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 in both hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. Exercise was proposed as a rehabilitation measure for PCS and early studies focused on patients post-hospital discharge. The objective of this review is to summarize the results of trials investigating exercise interventions in non-hospitalized subjects with PCS and propose practical recommendations concerning safe exercise programming. A literature search in the databases MEDLINE and Scopus was conducted until 26 July 2023 and resulted in seven studies that met the criteria. In total, 935 subjects with PCS were investigated. Exercise enhanced aerobic fitness and physical function and relieved symptoms of dyspnea, fatigue and depression. Participants reported lower Post COVID-19 Functional Status scores post-intervention. The exercise programs were well tolerated with no adverse events. To ensure safety, medical examinations should take place in advance and there should be a regular evaluation of the individual responses to the training. Caution is advised when working with patients suffering from post-exertional malaise or diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. There is a growing need for additional randomized controlled trials to investigate the effectiveness and safety of exercise in individuals with PCS.
Keywords: exercise therapy; long COVID; post-acute COVID-19 syndrome; rehabilitation.