The upsurge in information and communication technology is considered a key determinant for higher education. Moreover, green innovation is also the main catalyst of higher education. This research explores the role of information and communication technology and green innovation on higher education for the top 25 polluted economies from 2003 to 2020. This study considers the determinants of higher education (HE): economic growth, information and communication technology, green innovation, government expenditure, and carbon emission. The study employs FMOLS, DOLS, and MMQR tests to check the results of variables in this study. Economic growth, information and communication technology, green innovation, and government expenditure significantly impact higher education in this model. However, carbon emission has a negative impact on higher education. Moreover, the moderate effect of green innovation on information and communication technology, government expenditure, and carbon emission positively relates to higher education. In terms of outcomes, this study suggests how a country can maximize higher education.
Keywords: Digital economy; Higher education; ICT; Innovations; Top polluted countries.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.