Enhanced in vivo blood brain barrier transcytosis of macromolecular cargo using an engineered pH-sensitive mouse transferrin receptor binding nanobody

Thomas J Esparza; Shiran Su; Caroline M Francescutti; Elvira Rodionova; Joong Hee Kim; David L Brody

doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00462-z

Enhanced in vivo blood brain barrier transcytosis of macromolecular cargo using an engineered pH-sensitive mouse transferrin receptor binding nanobody

Fluids Barriers CNS. 2023 Aug 24;20(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s12987-023-00462-z.

Authors

Thomas J Esparza^{1

2}, Shiran Su^{1

3}, Caroline M Francescutti¹, Elvira Rodionova¹, Joong Hee Kim^{1

2}, David L Brody^{4

5

6}

Affiliations

¹ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
² Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁴ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA. david.brody@nih.gov.
⁵ Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. david.brody@nih.gov.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. david.brody@nih.gov.

Abstract

Background: The blood brain barrier limits entry of macromolecular diagnostic and therapeutic cargos. Blood brain barrier transcytosis via receptor mediated transport systems, such as the transferrin receptor, can be used to carry macromolecular cargos with variable efficiency. Transcytosis involves trafficking through acidified intracellular vesicles, but it is not known whether pH-dependent unbinding of transport shuttles can be used to improve blood brain barrier transport efficiency.

Methods: A mouse transferrin receptor binding nanobody, NIH-mTfR-M1, was engineered to confer greater unbinding at pH 5.5 vs 7.4 by introducing multiple histidine mutations. The histidine mutant nanobodies were coupled to neurotensin for in vivo functional blood brain barrier transcytosis testing via central neurotensin-mediated hypothermia in wild-type mice. Multi-nanobody constructs including the mutant M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H} and two copies of the P2X7 receptor-binding 13A7 nanobody were produced to test proof-of-concept macromolecular cargo transport in vivo using quantitatively verified capillary depleted brain lysates and in situ histology.

Results: The most effective histidine mutant, M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H}-neurotensin, caused > 8 °C hypothermia after 25 nmol/kg intravenous injection. Levels of the heterotrimeric construct M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H}-13A7-13A7 in capillary depleted brain lysates peaked at 1 h and were 60% retained at 8 h. A control construct with no brain targets was only 15% retained at 8 h. Addition of the albumin-binding Nb80 nanobody to make M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H}-13A7-13A7-Nb80 extended blood half-life from 21 min to 2.6 h. At 30-60 min, biotinylated M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H}-13A7-13A7-Nb80 was visualized in capillaries using in situ histochemistry, whereas at 2-16 h it was detected in diffuse hippocampal and cortical cellular structures. Levels of M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H}-13A7-13A7-Nb80 reached more than 3.5 percent injected dose/gram of brain tissue after 30 nmol/kg intravenous injection. However, higher injected concentrations did not result in higher brain levels, compatible with saturation and an apparent substrate inhibitory effect.

Conclusion: The pH-sensitive mouse transferrin receptor binding nanobody M1_{R56H, P96H, Y102H} may be a useful tool for rapid and efficient modular transport of diagnostic and therapeutic macromolecular cargos across the blood brain barrier in mouse models. Additional development will be required to determine whether this nanobody-based shuttle system will be useful for imaging and fast-acting therapeutic applications.

Keywords: Blood brain barrier; Capillary depletion; Histidine; Mouse; Nanobody; Neurotensin; P2X7 receptor; Transferrin receptor.

MeSH terms

Animals
Blood-Brain Barrier*
Histidine
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Hypothermia*
Mice
Neurotensin
Transcytosis

Substances

Histidine
Neurotensin