Water fluoridation in Australia: A systematic review

Lalantha Senevirathna; Himali Erandathie Ratnayake; Nadeeka Jayasinghe; Jinlong Gao; Xiaoyan Zhou; Shanika Nanayakkara

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116915

Water fluoridation in Australia: A systematic review

Environ Res. 2023 Nov 15;237(Pt 1):116915. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116915. Epub 2023 Aug 18.

Authors

Lalantha Senevirathna¹, Himali Erandathie Ratnayake², Nadeeka Jayasinghe³, Jinlong Gao⁴, Xiaoyan Zhou⁴, Shanika Nanayakkara⁵

Affiliations

¹ CSU Engineering, School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia; Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia.
² College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
³ CSU Engineering, School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia.
⁴ School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia.
⁵ School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia. Electronic address: shanika.nanayakkara@sydney.edu.au.

PMID: 37598841
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116915

Abstract

Water fluoridation is considered a safe and effective public health strategy to improve oral health. This review aimed to systematically summarize the available evidence of water fluoridation in Australia, focusing on the history, health impacts, cost effectiveness, challenges, and limitations. A systematic search was conducted on the Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Central, Cinahl, and Informit databases to identify literature on water fluoridation in Australia. A grey literature search and backward snowballing were used to capture additional literature. Primary studies, reviews, letters, and opinion papers were included in the quantitative analysis and summarized based on the year of publication and geographical location. The data were extracted from primary studies and summarized under three subheadings: history, community health impacts and the limitations and challenges. Water fluoridation in Australia was first implemented in 1953 in Tasmania. Most states and territories in Australia embraced water fluoridation by 1977 and currently, 89% of the Australian population has access to fluoridated drinking water. Studies report that water fluoridation has reduced dental caries by 26-44% in children, teenagers, and adults, benefiting everyone regardless of age, income, or access to dental care. It has been recognized as a cost-effective intervention to prevent dental caries, especially in rural and low-income areas. Water fluoridation as a public health measure has faced challenges, including political and public opposition, implementation and maintenance costs, access and equity, communication and education, and ethical concerns. Variations in research activities on water fluoridation across Australian states and territories over the last seven decades can be due to several factors, including the time of implementation, funding, and support. Ongoing monitoring and research to review and update optimal fluoride levels in drinking water in Australia is warranted to ensure sustainable benefits on oral health while preventing any adverse impacts.

Keywords: Australia; Dental caries; Drinking water; Oral health; Water fluoridation.

Publication types

Review