Dietary intake of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids are not associated with serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations among children 36-59 months of age in rural Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the association between dietary intake of preformed vitamin A (VA) and pro-VA carotenoids and serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations among 36-59-month-old children in a rural area in Burkina Faso.

Methods: Two community-based cross-sectional studies were conducted in a rural area of Burkina Faso and included 115 children aged 36-59 months. Dietary intake of preformed VA and pro-VA was assessed directly by 24-h dietary recall. Serum retinol and carotenoid (α- and β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) concentrations were measured. The associations between serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations and their respective dietary intake were assessed by multiple linear regression.

Results: Geometric mean [95% CI] adjusted serum retinol concentration in children was 0.86 [0.81; 0.92] µmol/L. The prevalence of low adjusted serum retinol concentration (< 0.7 µmol/L) was 26.8%. Geometric mean [95% CI] serum carotenoid concentrations were: α-carotene (0.03 [0.02; 0.03] µmol/L), β-carotene (0.14 [0.12; 0.16] µmol/L), and β-cryptoxanthin (0.17 [0.15; 0.21] µmol/L). Dietary intakes of α- and β-carotene and adjusted serum retinol and α-carotene concentrations were significantly higher during the rainy season. In multiple linear regressions, no associations were found between dietary intakes of preformed VA and pro-VA carotenoids and serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations in children aged 36-59 months in Burkina Faso. There was no effect of season on the associations between preformed VA and pro-VA carotenoids intake and serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations.

Conclusions: This study shows that dietary intakes of preformed VA and pro-VA carotenoids based on 24-h dietary recall method cannot be used as proxy of serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations in this population.

Trial registration: The study was registered retrospectively (22 March 2018) as a clinical trial with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (Cochrane South Africa; PACTR201803002999356).

Keywords: Burkina Faso; Carotenoids; Children; Dietary intake; Retinol; Vitamin A.