As(III)-Oxidizing Bacteria Alleviate Arsenite Toxicity via Reducing As Accumulation, Elevating Antioxidative Activities and Modulating Ionome in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Paddy rice trends to accumulate more arsenic (As) from soils than other terrestrial crops. The toxicity and mobility of As mainly depend on its chemical species. Transformation of arsenite [As(III)] into arsenate [As(V)] would be a promising method to mitigate As toxicity. In the current study, As(III)-oxidizing strain SMS11 isolated from As-contaminated soils was employed for As remediation. Co-cultured with SMS11 alleviated As(III) stress to the rice plants by increasing the length and biomass of rice shoots up to 10% and 15%, respectively. Evaluation of oxidative stress indices showed that the activity of catalase in the rice shoots was weakened when exposed to As(III), increasing the risk of hydroxyl radical (^·OH) formation. When co-cultivated with the bacteria, ^·OH formation was significantly inhibited in the rice shoots. The ionomes of the rice plants were impacted by the external conditions. As(III) stress significantly disturbed ionome homeostasis in the rice plants. Uptake of As simultaneously elevated the levels of macro and nutrient elements such as Mg, P, K, Ca, and Zn in the rice shoots. The ionomic variation in the rice plants under As(III) stress was mitigated by inoculated with SMS11. The results represented that the As(III)-oxidizing bacteria alleviated external As(III) stress to the rice plants through elevating antioxidative activities and modulating ionome homeostasis.