Purpose of review: This review aims to summarize and discuss the relationship between sodium homeostasis and hypertension, including emerging concepts of factors outside cardiovascular and renal systems influencing sodium homeostasis and hypertension.
Recent findings: Recent studies support the dose-response association between higher sodium and lower potassium intakes and a higher cardiovascular risk in addition to the dose-response relationship between sodium restriction and blood pressure lowering. The growing body of evidence suggests the role of genetic determinants, immune system, and gut microbiota in sodium homeostasis and hypertension. Although higher sodium and lower potassium intakes increase cardiovascular risk, salt restriction is beneficial only to a certain limit. The immune system contributes to hypertension through pro-inflammatory effects. Sodium can affect the gut microbiome and induce pro-inflammatory and immune responses that contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension.
Keywords: Hypertension; Immunity; Microbiome; Sodium.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.