Predicting rainfall and irrigation requirements of corn in Ecuador

Miguel Flores; Ángel Llambo; Danilo Loza; Salvador Naya; Javier Tarrío-Saavedra

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18334

Predicting rainfall and irrigation requirements of corn in Ecuador

Heliyon. 2023 Jul 20;9(8):e18334. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18334. eCollection 2023 Aug.

Authors

Miguel Flores¹, Ángel Llambo², Danilo Loza², Salvador Naya³, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra³

Affiliations

¹ Departamento de Matemática, Grupo MODES, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, 17-01-2759, Pichincha, Ecuador.
² Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, 17-01-2759, Pichincha, Ecuador.
³ Grupo MODES, CITIC, Departamento de Matemáticas, Escola Politécnica de Enxeñaría de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Mendizábal s/n, Ferrol, 15403, A Coruña, Spain.

Abstract

This work is a case study whose objective is prediction of irrigation needs of corn crops in different regions of Ecuador; being this a fundamental basic food for the country's economy, as in the remaining countries of the Andean area. The proposed methodology seeks to help improving the quality of corn crop. Specifically, we propose the application of regression models, within the framework of Functional Data Analysis (FDA), to predict the amount of rainfall (scalar response variable) in the places with the highest production of corn in Ecuador, as a function of functional covariates such as temperature and wind speed. From the estimation of the amount of rainfall, effective precipitation is calculated. This is the fraction of water used by the crops, from which the value of real evapotranspiration or ETc is obtained and, more importantly, the irrigation requirements at each stage of the corn crop, for its adequate physiological development. Application of regression models based on functional basis, Functional Principal Components (FPC) or Functional Partial Least Squares (FPLS) for scalar response variable, allows us to use the information of variables such as wind speed and temperature (of functional nature) in a better way than using multivariate models, for predicting the amount of rainfall, obtaining, as a result, very explicative models, defined by a high goodness of fit ( $R^{2} = 0.97$ , with 6 significant parameters and an error of 0.14) and practical utility. The model has been also applied to North Peru regions, obtaining rainfall prediction errors between 9% and 22%. Thus, the geographical limitations of the model could be the Andean regions with similar climate. In addition, this study proposes the application of FDA exploratory analysis and FDA outlier detection techniques as a common and useful practice in the specific domain of rainfall prediction studies, prior to applying the regression models.

Keywords: Corn; Crop irrigation; Effective rainfall; Evapotranspiration; Functional data analysis; Regression.