Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Status 3 Months After Recovery From COVID-19 Infection

Rashmi K G; Nandhini Perumal; Anusha Cherian; Mukta Wyawahare; Aravind Prasad; Jayaprakash Sahoo; Sadish Kumar Kamalanathan; Anusuya R; Dukhabandhu Naik

doi:10.1080/07435800.2023.2245907

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Status 3 Months After Recovery From COVID-19 Infection

Endocr Res. 2023 Oct 2;48(4):85-93. doi: 10.1080/07435800.2023.2245907. Epub 2023 Aug 11.

Authors

Rashmi K G¹, Nandhini Perumal¹, Anusha Cherian², Mukta Wyawahare³, Aravind Prasad¹, Jayaprakash Sahoo¹, Sadish Kumar Kamalanathan¹, Anusuya R⁴, Dukhabandhu Naik¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
² Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
³ Department of Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
⁴ Department of Biostatistics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.

PMID: 37565765
DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2023.2245907

Abstract

Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly involves the lungs, albeit many other organ systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, can be affected due to the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding receptor. Few studies have reported the involvement of adrenal gland and the HPA axis during the acute phase of COVID-19; however, the data on the long-term effect of COVID-19 on the HPA axis after acute infection is scarce.

Objective: To assess and compare the changes in HPA axis in mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 categories at ≥ 3 months after acute infection.

Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted to assess the HPA axis status among COVID-19 subjects at least 3 months after recovery from acute infection. The study was conducted from June 2021 to May 2022. Subjects visited the hospital in the fasting state (8.00-9.00am), serum cortisol levels were measured at baseline, 30 and 60 minutes after a 1-μg short Synacthen test (SST).

Results: A total of 66 subjects ≥ 18 years of age were included in the study. The mean age (SD) was 49.13 ± 11.9 years, 45(68.18%) were male and 21 (31.81%) were female subjects. The mean BMI in the study was 25.91 ± 4.26 kg/m². Seventeen (25.8%) subjects had mild, twelve (18.2%) had moderate and thirty-seven (56.1%) subjects had severe COVID-19 infection. Out of the sixty-six subjects with COVID-19, nine subjects (9/66, 13.63%) had peak serum cortisol < 496.62 nmol/L suggestive of adrenal insufficiency (AI). SST peak serum cortisol levels did not differ significantly across the disease severity [Mild, (628.50 ± 214.65 nmol/L) vs moderate, [603.39 ± 161.95 nmol/L) vs severe, (597.59 ± 163.05 nmol/L), P = 0.617]. Six subjects with AI came for follow-up at 12 months, and all had normal HPA axis.

Conclusion: HPA axis is affected in 13.63% (9/66) of subjects at least 3 months after recovery from COVID-19 infection. AI in COVID-19 might be transient and would recover spontaneously. These findings have important implications for the clinical care and long-term follow-up of subjects after COVID-19 infection.

Keywords: Adrenal insufficiency; COVID-19; HPA axis; SARS-CoV-2.