Background: Some methods have been developed to solve flat and/or inverted nipple problems. This study aimed to examine the effects of flat and/or inverted nipple interventions on nipples and breastfeeding.
Methods: Before initiating the review, the protocol was registered in the 'PROSPERO' database. This study was based on the PRISMA-P guideline. Seven databases (Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, TÜBİTAK Ulakbim and Google Scholar) were searched, and nine studies were included in this review.
Results: Hoffman's exercise, the inverted syringe method, and the nipple exercise was quite effective in increasing breastfeeding success. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first, third, and sixth months of mothers followed up with postpartum multidimensional visits was found to be significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.05). A study in which a rubber band was applied with the help of an injector on flat and inverted nipples showed that 63% of mothers on the third day and all of them in the first month were able to breastfeed without a rubber band. Hoffman's exercise, the inverted syringe technique, and rubber bands corrected the flat and/or inverted nipple. There were studies reporting complications as a result of nipple interventions.
Conclusions and implications: It is necessary to disseminate the information that breastfeeding of mothers with flat and/or inverted nipples can be sustained with various interventions. Furthermore, it is believed that providing mothers with a chance to choose the interventions, and thus, the compliance of mothers to the intervention with the method of their choice may increase the success of the intervention.
Keywords: Breast milk; Breastfeeding; Flat nipple; Interventions; Inverted nipple; Systematic review.
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